Prior to the commercialization of the Monsanto process, most acetic acid was produced by oxidation of acetaldehyde. This remains the second most important manufacturing method, although it is uncompetitive with methanol carbonylation.The acetaldehyde may be produced via oxidation of butane or light naphtha, or by hydration of ethylene. When butane or light naphtha is heated with air in the presence of various metal ions, including those of manganese, cobalt and chromium; peroxides form and then decompose to produce acetic acid according to the chemical equation 2 C4H10 + 5 O2 4 CH3COOH + 2 H2O.Typically, the reaction is run at a combination of temperature and pressure designed to be as hot as possible while still keeping the butane a liquid. Typical reaction conditions are 150 C and 55 atm. Side products may also form, including butanone, ethyl acetate, formic acid, and propionic acid. These side products are also commercially valuable, and the reaction conditions may be altered to produce more of them if this is economically useful. However, the separation of acetic acid from these by-products adds to the cost of the process.Under similar conditions and using similar catalysts as are used for butane oxidation,2 CH3CHO O2 2 CH3COOH Using modern catalysts, this reaction can have an acetic acid yield greater than 95%.The major side products are ethyl acetate, formic acid, and formaldehyde, all of which have lower boiling points than acetic acid and are readily separated by distillation.

Folic acid is the most frequently found vitamin deficiency on earth. The groups of people most likely to have folic acid deficiency are alcoholics, people with mal-absorption conditions or chronic diarrhea and pregnant women.  A folic acid deficiency can also cause depression, diarrhea and a swollen, red tongue.Copper deficiency is uncommon, however, it can occur in people who take a zinc supplement without increasing their copper intake because zinc can interfere with copper absorption.B12 deficiency is most often seen in people who have digestion problems or have had intestinal surgery or radiation, aged 60 or over, alcoholics, strict vegetarians, breast fed infants of vegetarian mothers and people taking medicine to lower cholesterol.  Possible signs of a deficiency include fatigue, pins and needles sensations in the hands and feet, light-headedness, loss of appetite, difficult breathing and personality changes.To prevent anemia you need to eat well balanced meals including iron rich foods.  If you have anemia, avoid beverages and foods containing caffeine, it interferes with the body's ability to absorb iron.  Avoid tannins, they also get in the way of iron absorption as well as foods high in oxalic acids; which include almonds, asparagus, beans, beets, cashews, chocolate, kale and rhubarb.